Reciprocity in Aegean Palatial Societies: Gifts, Debt, and the Foundations of Economic Exchange
Issue: Vol 29 No. 1 (2016)
Journal: Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology
Subject Areas: Ancient History Archaeology
Abstract:
This collection of papers is the third and final installment in a series meant to update the archaeological study of Aegean Bronze Age economies based on current research in economic anthropology and new archaeological and textual data from Minoan and Mycenaean states. The first collection, titled ‘Redistribution in Aegean Palatial Societies’, was published in the American Journal of Archaeology in 2011 (volume 115.2). The second, titled ‘Crafts, Specialists, and Markets in Mycenaean Greece,’ was published in the American Journal of Archaeology in 2013 (volume 117.3). In these first two collections, we argued that studies of ‘redistribution’ in Aegean palatial societies, whether archaeological, textual, or both, fail to capture the totality of economic activity that must have occurred in Late Bronze Age states and largely ignore the social implications of such activity. Rather, in order to explain the regional distribution of artifacts, some form of ‘market’-based exchange must have occurred. In this introduction we suggest that systems of ‘reciprocity’ preceded and underpinned modes of redistribution and market exchange, and also served to integrate Bronze Age social structures.
Author: Dimitri Nakassis, Michael L. Galaty, William A. Parkinson
References :
Combined References
Classical Authors and Texts
Hesiod, Works and Days
Homer, Iliad
Homer, Odyssey
Algazi, G., V. Groebner and B. Jussen (eds.)
2003 Negotiating the Gift: Pre-Modern Figurations of Exchange. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and
Ruprecht.
Antonaccio, C.
1995 Lefkandi and Homer. In Ø. Anderson and M. Dickie (eds.), Homer’s World: Fiction, Tradition, Reality. Papers from the Norwegian Institute at Athens 3: 5-27. Bergen: Norwegian Institute at Athens.
2002 Warriors, traders, ancestors: the ‘heroes’ of Lefkandi. In J. Munk Høtje (ed.), Images of Ancestors. Aarhus Studies in Mediterranean Antiquity 5: 13-42. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.
2006 Religion, basileis, and heroes. In S. Deger-Jalkotzy and I. Lemos (eds.), Ancient Greece: From the Mycenaean Palaces to the Age of Homer. Edinburgh Leventis Studies 3: 381-95. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Appadurai, A.
1986 Introduction: commodities and the politics of value. In A. Appadurai (ed.), The Social Life of Things, 3-63. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511819582.003
Aravantinos, V.
2001 Contenu, contexte et fonction du ‘trésor’ du palais mycénien de Thèbes (Béotie): une approche économique et administrative. Ktema 26: 87-99.
2008 Τα τοπωνυμικά των αρχείων Γραμμικής Β των Θηβών. In V. Aravantinos (ed.), Επετηρίς της Εταιρείας Βοιωτικών Μελετών 4: 123-80. Athens: Εταιρεία Βοιωτικών Μελετών.
Aruz, J.
2013 Seals and the imagery of interaction. In J. Aruz, S.B. Graff and Y. Rakic (eds.), Cultures in Contact: From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C., 216-25. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Atchity, K.J., and E.J.W. Barber
1987 Greek princes and Aegean princesses: the role of women in the Homeric poems. In K.J. Atchity, R. Hogart and D. Price (eds.), Critical Essays on Homer, 15-36. Boston: K.J. Hall.
Bachhuber, C.
2006 Aegean interest on the Uluburun Ship. American Journal of Archaeology 110: 345-63.
Banks, E.C.
2013 Lerna VI. The Settlement and Architecture of Lerna IV. Princeton, New Jersey: American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
Barrett, J.C., and P. Halstead (eds.)
2004 The Emergence of Civilisation Revisited. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 6. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Baudrillard, J.
1975 The Mirror of Production. Trans. M. Poster. St. Louis, Missouri: Telos Press.
Beck, R.
2007 The durable house: material, metaphor, and structure. In R. Beck (ed.), The Durable House: House Society Models in Archaeology, 3-24. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
Beckman, G., T.R. Bryce and E. Cline
2011 The Ahhiyawa Texts. Writings from the Ancient World 28. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature.
Beidelman, T.
1989 Agonistic exchange: Homeric reciprocity and the heritage of Simmel and Mauss. Cultural Anthropology 4: 227-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/can.1989.4.3.02a00010
Bell, D.
1991 Modes of exchange: gift and commodity. The Journal of Socio-Economics 20: 155-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1053-5357(05)80003-4
Bendall, L.
2004 Fit for a king? Hierarchy, exclusion, aspiration and desire in the social structure of Mycenaean banqueting. In P. Halstead and J.C. Barrett (eds.), Food, Cuisine and Society in Prehistoric Greece. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 5: 105-35. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
2007 Economics of Religion in the Mycenaean World: Resources Dedicated to Religion in the Mycenaean Palace Economy. Oxford University School of Archaeology Monograph 67. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology.
2008 How much makes a feast? Amounts of banqueting foodstuffs in the Linear B records of Pylos. In A. Sacconi, M. Del Freo, L. Godart and M. Negri (eds.), Colloquium Romanum. Atti del XII colloquio internazionale di micenologia, Roma, 20–25 febbraio 2006. Pasiphae 1: 77-101. Pisa and Rome: Fabrizio Serra.
Bennet, J.
2007a Pylos: the expansion of a Mycenaean palatial center. In M. Galaty and W. Parkinson (eds.), Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces II. Cotsen Institute Monograph 60: 29-46. 2nd edn. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.
2007b The Aegean Bronze Age. In W. Scheidel, I. Morris and R. Saller (eds.), The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World, 175-210. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521780537.008
2008 PalaceTM: speculations on palatial production in Mycenaean Greece with (some) reference to glass. In C.M. Jackson and E.C. Wager (eds.), Vitreous Materials in the Late Bronze Age Aegean. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 9: 151-72. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Berthoud, G., and F. Sabelli (eds.)
1976 L’ambivalence de la production: Logiques communautaires et logiques capitalistes. Cahiers de l’Institut universitaire d’études du développement 3. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Binford, L.
2001 Constructing Frames of Reference: An Analytical Method for Archaeological Theory Building Using Ethnographic and Environmental Data Sets. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Blackwell, N.
2014 Making the Lion Gate relief at Mycenae: tool marks and foreign influence. American Journal of Archaeology 118: 451-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.118.3.0451
Blanton, R.
1994 Houses and Households: A Comparative Study. New York: Plenum Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.
1007/978-1-4899-0990-9
Borgna, E.
2004 Aegean feasting: a Minoan perspective. In J.C. Wright (ed.), The Mycenaean Feast. Hesperia 73: 127-59. Princeton, New Jersey: American School of Classical Studies at Athens. http://dx.doi.org/10.2972/hesp.2004.73.2.247
Bourdieu, P.
1977 Outline of a Theory of Practice. Trans. R. Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511812507
Bremer, J.-M.
1998 The reciprocity of giving and thanksgiving in Greek worship. In C. Gill, N. Postlethwaite and R. Seaford (eds.), Reciprocity in Ancient Greece, 127-37. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Brown, K.A.
2014 Women on the move: the DNA evidence for female mobility and exogamy in prehistory. In J. Leary (ed.), Past Mobilities: Archaeological Approaches to Movement and Mobility, 155-74. Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate.
Bryce, T.
2003a Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East: The Royal Correspondence of the Late Bronze Age. New York and London: Routledge.
2003b Relations between Hatti and Ahhiyawa in the last decades of the Bronze Age. In G. Beckman, R. Beal and G. McMahon (eds.), Hittite Studies in Honour of Harry A. Hoffner, Jr. on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, 59-72. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.
Burke, B.
2010 From Minos to Midas: Ancient Cloth Production in the Aegean and Anatolia. Ancient Textiles Series 7. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Burkert, W.
1996 Creation of the Sacred: Tracks of Biology in Early Religions. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Burns, B.
2010 Mycenaean Greece, Mediterranean Commerce, and the Formation of Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Calder, W.
1984 Gold for bronze: Iliad 6.232-36. In K. Rigsby (ed.), Studies Presented to Sterling Dow on his Eightieth Birthday. Greek Roman and Byzantine Monographs 10: 31-36. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press.
Campbell, J.
1964 Honour, Family and Patronage: A Study of Institutions and Moral Values in a Greek Mountain Community. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Cline, E.H.
1991 A possible Hittite embargo against the Mycenaeans. Historia 40: 1-9.
1994 Sailing the Wine-Dark Sea: International Trade and the Late Bronze Age Aegean. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 591. Oxford: Tempus Reparatum.
1995 ‘My brother, my son’: rulership and trade between the LBA Aegean, Egypt, and the Near East. In P. Rehak (ed.), The Role of the Ruler in the Prehistoric Aegean. Aegaeum 11: 143-50. Liège, Belgium and Austin: Université de Liège and University of Texas at Austin.
Cline, E.H., and S.M. Stannish
2011 Sailing the great green sea? Amenhotep III’s ‘Aegean list’ from Kom el-Hetan, once more. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 3(2): 6-16.
Cook, E.
2004 Near Eastern sources for the palace of Alkinoos. American Journal of Archaeology 108: 43-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.108.1.43
2012 Introduction. In E. McCrorie (trans.), The Iliad, xvii-lxii. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Cook, K.S., and R.M. Emerson
1978 Power, equity and commitment in exchange networks. American Sociological Review 43: 72-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2094546
Dakouri-Hild, A.
2012 Making la Différence: production and consumption of prestige artifacts in Late Bronze Age Boeotia. In M.-L. Nosch and R. Laffineur (eds.), KOSMOS: Jewellery, Adornment and Textiles in the Aegean Bronze Age. Aegaeum 33: 471-81. Liège, Belgium and Austin: Université de Liège and University of Texas at Austin.
Damon, F.
1980 The Kula and generalised exchange: considering some unconsidered aspects of the elementary structures of kinship. Man n.s. 15: 267-92.
Davaras, K., and J. Soles
1995 A new oriental cylinder seal from Mochlos. Appendix: catalogue of the cylinder seals found in the Aegean. Αρχαιολογική Εφημερίς 134: 29-66.
Davies, N. de G.
1943 The Tomb of Rekh-mi-re at Thebes. Egyptian Expedition 11. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Davis, J., and J. Bennet
1999 Making Mycenaeans: warfare, territorial expansion, and representations of the other in the Pylian kingdom. In R. Laffineur (ed.), POLEMOS: Le contexte guerrier en Égée á l’âge du Bronze. Aegaeum 19: 105-20. Liège, Belgium and Austin: Université de Liège and University of Texas at Austin.
Day, J.
2010 Archaic Greek Epigram and Dedication: Representation and Reperformance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Demakopoulou, K.
1974 Μυκηναϊκόν ανακτορικόν εργαστήριον εις Θήβας. Αρχαιολογικά Ανάλεκτα εξ Αθηνών 7: 162-73.
DeMarrais, E., L.J. Castillo and T.K. Earle
1996 Ideology, materialization, and power strategies. Current Anthropology 37: 15-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/204472
Dickinson, O.T.P.K.
2010 The ‘Third World’ of the Aegean? Middle Helladic Greece revisited. In G. Touchais, A. Philippa-Touchais, S. Voutsaki and J. Wright (eds.), Mesohelladika. Μεσσελλαδικά: La Grece Continentale au Bronze Moyen. Η ηπειρωτική Ελλάδα στη Μέση εποχή του Χαλκού. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, Supplement 52: 13-27. Paris: De Boccard.
Dietler, M.
1996 Feasts and commensal politics in the political economy: food, power, and status in prehistoric Europe. In P. Wiessner and W. Schiefenhövel (eds.), Food and the Status Quest: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, 87-125. Oxford: Berghahn.
2006 Alcohol: anthropological/archaeological perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology 35: 229-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123120
2010 Archaeologies of Colonialism: Consumption, Entanglement and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France. Berkeley: University of California Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520265516.003.0002
Dietler, M., and B. Hayden (eds.)
2001 Feasts: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics, and Power. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Dietler, M., and I. Herbich
2001 Feasts and labor mobilization: dissecting a fundamental economic practice. In M. Dietler and B. Hayden (eds.), Feasts: Archaeological and Ethnographic Perspectives on Food, Politics and Power, 240-64. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Donlan, W.
1982 Reciprocities in Homer. Classical World 75: 137-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4349350
1989 The unequal exchange between Glaucus and Diomedes in light of the Homeric gift economy. Phoenix 43: 1-15. http://dx.doi.org/
10.2307/1088537
1993 Dueling with gifts in the Iliad: as the audience saw it. Colby Quarterly 29: 155-72.
1998 Political reciprocity in Dark Age Greece: Odysseus and his hetairoi. In C. Gill, N. Postlethwaite and R. Seaford (eds.), Reciprocity in Ancient Greece, 51-71. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Douglas, M.
1990 No free gifts. In M. Mauss, The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies, vii-xviii. New York: W.W. Norton.
Douglas, M., and B. Isherwood
1979 The World of Goods: Towards an Anthropology of Consumption. London: Allen Lane.
Driessen, J.
2010 Spirit of place: Minoan houses as major actors. In D.J. Pullen (ed.), Political Economies of the Aegean Bronze Age, 35-65. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Duhoux, Y.
1968 Le groupe lexical de δίδωμι en mycénien. Minos 9: 81-108.
Durkheim, É.
1982 [1895] The Rules of the Sociological Method. Trans. W.D. Halls. New York: Free Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16939-9
Earle, T.K.
2002 Bronze Age Economics: The Beginnings of Political Economies. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
Eder, B.
2001 Continuity of Bronze Age cult at Olympia? The evidence of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age pottery. In R. Laffineur and R. Hägg (eds.), POTNIA: Deities and Religion in the Aegean Bronze Age. Aegaeum 22: 201-209. Liège, Belgium and Austin: Université de Liège and University of Texas at Austin.
Feldman, M.H.
2006 Diplomacy by Design: Luxury Arts and an ‘International Style’ in the Ancient Near East, 1400–1200 bce. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ferguson, J.
1988 Cultural exchange: new developments in the anthropology of commodities. Cultural Anthropology 3: 488-513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/can.1988.3.4.02a00090
Finkelberg, M.
1991 Royal succession in heroic Greece. Classical Quarterly 41: 303-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0009838800004481
Finley, M.
1954a Marriage, sale and gift in the Homeric world. Revue internationale des droits de l’antiquité 2: 167-94.
1954b The World of Odysseus. New York: The Viking Press.
Foley, H.
2001 Female Acts in Greek Tragedy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Fowler, C.
2004 The Archaeology of Personhood. London and New York: Routledge.
Fox, R.S.
2012 Feasting Practices and Changes in Greek Society from the Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 2345. Oxford: Archaeopress.
Fried, M.H.
1960 On the Evolution of Social Stratification and the State. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
Galaty, M.L.
2016 The Mycenaeanisation process. In E. Gorogianni, P. Pavúk and L. Girella (eds.), Beyond Thalassocracies: Understanding Processes of Minoanisation and Mycenaeanisation in the Aegean, 207-18. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Galaty, M.L., O. Lafe, W.E. Lee and Z. Tafilica (eds.)
2013 Light and Shadow: Isolation and Interaction in the Shala Valley of Northern Albania. Monumenta Archeologica 28. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press.
Galaty, M.L., D. Nakassis and W.A. Parkinson (eds.)
2011 Redistribution in Aegean palatial societies. American Journal of Archaeology 115: 175-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.115.2.175
Galaty, M., and W. Parkinson
2007 2007 Introduction: Mycenaean palaces rethought. In M. Galaty and W. Parkinson (eds.), Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces II. Cotsen Institute Monograph 60: 1-17. 2nd edn. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.
Galaty, M.L., D.J. Pullen, W.A. Parkinson and R. Siefried
2014 Mycenaean-scapes: geography, political economy, and the eastern Mediterranean world system. In G. Touchais, R. Laffineur and F. Rougemont (eds.), PHYSIS: L’environnement naturel et la relation homme-milieu dans le monde Égéen protohistorique. Aegaeum 37: 449-56. Liège, Belgium and Austin: Université de Liège and University of Texas at Austin.
Gallant, T.
1991 Risk and Survival in Ancient Greece: Reconstructing the Rural Domestic Economy. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
Gauss, W.
2010 Aegina Kolonna. In E.H. Cline (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean, 737-51. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Ghilardi, M., M. Colleu, K. Pavlopoulos, S. Fachard, D. Psomiadis, P. Rochette, F. Demory, A. Knodell, M. Triantaphyllou, D. Delanghe-Sabatier, A. Bicket and J. Fleury
2013 Geoarchaeology of ancient Aulis (Boeotia, central Greece): human occupation and Holocene landscape changes. Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 2071-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2012.12.009
Gill, C.
1998 Altruism or reciprocity in Greek ethical philosophy? In C. Gill, N. Postlethwaite and R. Seaford (eds.), Reciprocity in Ancient Greece, 303-28. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gill, C., N. Postlethwaite and R. Seaford (eds.)
1998 Reciprocity in Ancient Greece. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gillespie, S.
2000 Lévi-Strauss: Maison and société à maisons. In R. Joyce and S. Gillespie (eds.), Beyond Kinship: Social and Material Reproduction in House Societies, 22-52. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Gimatzidis, S.
2011 Feasting and offerings to the gods in early Greek sanctuaries: monumentalisation and miniaturisation in pottery. In A. Smith and M. Bergeron (eds.), The Gods of Small Things. Pallas 86: 75-96. Toulouse: Presses universitaires du Mirail.
Gjeçov, S.
1989 Kanuni i Lekë Dukagjinit: The Code of Lekë Dukagjini. Trans. L. Fox. New York: Gjonlekaj Publishing Company.
Goldhill, S.
1991 The Poet’s Voice: Essays on Poetics and Greek Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gould, J.
1973 Hiketeia. Journal of Hellenic Studies 93: 74-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/631455
Gouldner, A.
1960 The norm of reciprocity: a preliminary statement. American Sociological Review 25: 161-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2092623
Graeber, D.
2001 Toward an Anthropological Theory of Value: The False Coin of Our Own Dreams. New York: Palgrave. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/
9780312299064
2011 Debt: The First Five Thousand Years. New York: Melville House.
Gregory, C.
1982 Gifts and Commodities. London: Academic Press.
Grethlein, J.
2008 Memory and material objects in the Iliad and the Odyssey. Journal of Hellenic Studies 128: 27-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0075426900000045
Haggis, D.
2013 Destruction and the formation of static and dynamic settlement structures. In J. Driessen (ed.), Destruction: Archaeological, Historical and Philological Perspectives, 63-88. Louvain-la-Neuve: Presses universitaires de Louvain.
Halstead, P.
1981 From determinism to uncertainty: social storage and the rise of the Minoan palaces. In A. Sheridan and G. Bailey (eds.), Economic Archaeology: Towards an Integrated Approach. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 96: 187-213. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
1988 On redistribution and the origin of Minoan-Mycenaean palatial economies. In E.B. French and K.A. Wardle (eds.), Problems in Greek Prehistory, 519-30. Bristol, United Kingdom: Bristol Classical Press.
2014 Two Oxen Ahead: Pre-Mechanized Farming in the Mediterranean. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell.
Halstead, P., and J.C. Barrett (eds.)
2004 Food, Cuisine and Society in Prehistoric Greece. Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 5. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Halstead, P., and V. Isaakidou
2011 Political cuisine: rituals of commensality in the Neolithic and Bronze Age Aegean. In G.A. Jiménez, S. Montón Subias and S. Romero (eds.), Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner: Feasting Rituals in the Prehistoric Societies of Europe and the Near East, 91-108. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Halstead, P., and J. O’Shea
1982 A friend in need is a friend indeed: social storage and the origins of social ranking. In C. Renfrew and S. Shennan (eds.), Ranking, Resource and Exchange, 92-99. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hankey, V.
1981 The Aegean interest in El Amarna. Journal of Mediterranean Anthropology and Archaeology 1: 38-49.
Harrell, K.
2014 The fallen and their swords: a new explanation for the rise of the Shaft Graves. American Journal of Archaeology 118: 3-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.118.1.0003
Hastorf, C., and S. Johannessen
1993 Pre-Hispanic political change and the role of maize in the Central Andes of Peru. American Anthropologist 95: 115-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1993.95.1.02a00060
Hayden, B.
1995 Pathways to power: principles for creating socioeconomic inequalities. In T.D. Price and G.M. Feinman (eds.), Foundations of Social Inequality, 15-86. New York: Plenum Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1289-3_2
2001 Fabulous feasts: a prolegomenon to the importance of feasting. In M. Dietler and B. Hayden (eds.), Feasts: Archaeological and Ethnographical Perspectives on Food, Politics, and Power, 23-64. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
2014 The Power of Feasts: From Prehistory to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107337688
Helms, M.W.
1988 Ulysses’ Sail: An Ethnographic Odyssey of Power, Knowledge and Geographical Distance. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400859542
1993 Craft and the Kingly Ideal: Art, Trade, and Power. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Herman, G.
1987 Ritualised Friendship and the Greek City. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Herzfeld, M.
2010 Obituaries: John Kennedy Campbell (1923–2009). American Anthropologist 112: 497-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1433.2010.
01266.x
Hitchcock, L.A., R. Laffineur and J. Crowley (eds.)
2008 DAIS: The Aegean Feast. Aegaeum 29. Liège, Belgium and Austin: Université de Liège and University of Texas at Austin.
Hruby, J.
2006 Feasting and Ceramics: A View from the Palace of Nestor at Pylos. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
2010 Mycenaean pottery from Pylos: an indigenous typology. American Journal of Archaeology 114: 195-216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.114.2.195
Hutton, W.F.
1990–91 The meaning of qe-te-o in Linear B. Minos 25-26: 105-31.
Ingvarsson-Sundström, A., S. Voutsaki and E. Milka
2013 People, animals and social diversity in Middle Helladic Asine: a bioarchaeological view. In S. Voustaki and S.M. Valamoti (eds.), Diet, Economy and Society in the Ancient Greek World: Towards a Better Integration of Archaeology and Science, 149-62. Leuven: Peeters.
Kelder, J.M.
2009 Royal gift exchange between Mycenae and Egypt: olives as ‘greeting gifts’ in the Late Bronze Age eastern Mediterranean. American Journal of Archaeology 113: 339-52.
Kilian, K.
1988 The emergence of wanax ideology in the Mycenaean palaces. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 7: 291-302.
Killen, J.T.
1995 Some further thoughts on collectors. In R. Laffineur and W.-D. Niemeier (eds.), Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Aegaeum 12: 213-26. Liège, Belgium and Austin: Université de Liège and University of Texas at Austin.
2008 Mycenaean economy. In Y. Duhoux and A. Morpurgo Davies (eds.), A Companion to Linear B: Mycenaean Greek Texts and Their World I. Bibliothèque des Cahiers de l’Institut de linguistique de Louvain 120: 159-200. Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters.
Knapp, A.B., and J.F. Cherry
1994 Provenience Studies and Bronze Age Cyprus: Production, Exchange and Politico-economic Change. Monographs in World Archaeology 21. Madison, Wisconsin: Prehistory Press.
Knudson, K., K. Gardella and J. Yaeger
2012 Provisioning Inca feasts at Tiwanaku, Bolivia: the geographic origins of camelids in the Pumapunku complex. Journal of Archaeological Science 39: 479-91.
Koehl, R.
1995 The silver stag BIBRU from Mycenae. In J. Carter and S.P. Morris (eds.), The Ages of Homer: A Tribute to Emily Townsend Vermeule, 61-66. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Kohler, T.A.
2012 Complex systems and archaeology. In I. Hodder (ed.), Archaeological Theory Today, 93-123. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Kollock, P., and J. O’Brien
1992 The social construction of exchange. Advances in Group Processes 9: 89-112.
Konstan, D.
1998 Reciprocity and friendship. In C. Gill, N. Postlethwaite and R. Seaford (eds.), Reciprocity in Ancient Greece, 279-301. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kopanias, K.
2008 The Late Bronze Age Near Eastern cylinder seals from Thebes (Greece) and their historical implications. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung 123: 39-96.
2012 Raw material, exotic jewellery or magic objects? The use of imported Near Eastern seals in the Aegean. In M.-L. Nosch and R. Laffineur (eds.), KOSMOS: Jewellery, Adornment and Textiles in the Aegean Bronze Age. Aegaeum 33: 397-406. Liège, Belgium and Austin: Université de Liège and University of Texas at Austin.
Kopytoff, I.
1986 The cultural biography of things: commoditization as process. In A. Appadurai (ed.), The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, 64-91. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kranton, R.E.
1996 Reciprocal exchange: a self‐sustaining system. American Economic Review 86: 830-51.
Kurke, L.
1991 The Traffic in Praise: Pindar and the Poetics of Social Economy. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
Lacey, W.
1966 Homeric ΕΔΝΑ and Penelope’s ΚΥΡΙΟΣ. Journal of Hellenic Studies 86: 55-68.
Lambrou-Phillipson, C.
1990 Hellenorientalia: The Near Eastern Presence in the Bronze Age Aegean, ca. 3000-1100 B.C. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, Pocketbook 95. Göteborg: P. Astrom’s Forlag..
Langdon, S.
1987 Gift exchange in the Geometric sanctuaries. In T. Linders and G. Nodquist (eds.), Gifts to the Gods: Proceedings of the Uppsala Symposium 1985. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Boreas 15: 107-13. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell.
Latour, B.
2005 Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
LeCount, L.
2001 Like water for chocolate: feasting at Xunantunich. American Anthropologist 103: 935-53.
Lemos, I.S.
2006 Athens and Lefkandi: a tale of two sites. In S. Deger-Jalkotzy and I. Lemos (eds.), Ancient Greece: From the Mycenaean Palaces to the Age of Homer. Edinburgh Leventis Studies 3: 505-30. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Lemos, I.S., and D. Mitchell
2011 Elite burials in Early Iron Age Aegean: some preliminary observations on the spatial organization of the Toumba cemetery at Lefkandi. In A. Mazarakis-Ainian (ed.), The ‘Dark Ages’ Revisited, 634-44. Volos, Greece: University of Thessaly Press.
Lévi-Strauss, C.
1969 [1949] The Elementary Structures of Kinship. Trans. J. Bell, J. von Sturmer and R. Needham. 2nd edn. Boston: Beacon Press.
1987 Anthropology and Myth: Lectures, 1951-1982. Trans. R. Willis. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Lie, J.
1992 The concept of the mode of exchange. American Sociological Review 57: 508-23.
Lindblom, M.
2007 Early Mycenaean mortuary meals at Lerna VI with a special emphasis on their Aeginetan components. In F. Felten, W. Gauss and R. Smetana (eds.), Middle Helladic Pottery and Synchronisms. Ägina-Kolonna Forschungen und Ergebnisse 1: 115-35. Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Liverani, M.
1990 Prestige and Interest: International Relations in the Near East ca. 1600-1100 bc. Padua: Sargon.
1998 (ed.) Le lettere di el-Amarna 2. Le lettere dei Grandi Re. Brescia: Paideia.
2001 International Relations in the Ancient Near East, 1600-1100 B.C. New York: Palgrave.
Lupack, S.
2006 Deities and religious personnel as collectors. In M. Perna (ed.), Fiscality in Mycenaean and Near Eastern Archives. Studi egei e vicinorientali 3: 89-108. Paris: De Boccard.
2008 The Role of the Religious Sector in the Economy of Late Bronze Age Mycenaean Greece. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1858. Oxford: Archaeopress.
2011 A view from outside the palace: the sanctuary and the damos in Mycenaean economy and society. American Journal of Archaeology 115: 207-17.
Lyons, D.
2003 Dangerous gifts: ideologies of marriage and exchange in ancient Greece. Classical Antiquity 22: 93-134.
2012 Dangerous Gifts: Gender and Exchange in Ancient Greece. Austin: University of Texas Press.
MacCormack, G.
1976 Reciprocity. Man n.s. 11: 89-103.
Malinowski, B.
1922 Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea. London: G. Routledge & Sons.
1926 Crime and Custom in Savage Society. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.
Manning, S.W.
2010 Chronology and terminology. In E.H. Cline (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean, 11-28. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Maran, J.
2011 Lost in translation: the emergence of Mycenaean culture as a phenomenon of glocalisation. In J. Bennet, S. Sherratt and T. Wilkinson (eds.), Interweaving Worlds: Systemic Interactions in Eurasia, 7th to the 1st Millennia bc, 282-94. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Mauss, M.
1990 [1925] The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies. Trans. W.D. Halls. New York: W.W. Norton.
Mee, C., and J. Renard (eds.)
2007 Cooking up the Past: Food and Culinary Practices in the Neolithic and Bronze Age Aegean. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
Meskell, L.
2005 Archaeologies of Materiality. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/
9780470774052
Milka, E.
2006 From cemeteries to societies: the study of the Middle Helladic (2000-1500 bc) burials from the Argolid, southern Greece. In M. Kerkhof, R. van Oosten, F. Tomas and C. van Woerdekom (eds.), Symposium voor Onderzoek door Jonge Archeologen (SOJA) Bundel 2005, 53-63. Leiden: Stichting Onderzoek Jonge Archeologen.
2010 Burials upon the ruins of abandoned houses in the MH Argolid. In G. Touchais, A. Philippa-Touchais, S. Voutsaki and J. Wright (eds.), Mesohelladika. Μεσσελλαδικά: La Grece Continentale au Bronze Moyen. Η ηπειρωτική Ελλάδα στη Μέση εποχή του Χαλκού. The Greek Mainland in the Middle Bronze Age.. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique Supplement 52: 433-43. Paris: De Boccard.
Moran, W.L.
1992 The Amarna Letters. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Morris, I.
1986a Gift and commodity in Archaic Greece. Man n.s. 21: 1-17.
1986b The use and abuse of Homer. Classical Antiquity 5: 81-138. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25010840
2000 Archaeology as Cultural History. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell.
Morris, S.P.
1995 Daidalos and the Origins of Greek Art. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
2013 From Kizzuwatna to Troy? Puduhepa, Piyamaradu and Anatolian ritual in Homer. In S.W. Jamison, H.C. Melchert and B. Vine (eds.), Proceedings of the 24th Annual UCLA Indo-European Studies Conference, 151-67. Bremen, Germany: Hempen.
Mustafa, M., A. Young, M.L. Galaty and W.E. Lee
2013 Spatial and temporal patterns in kin relations: descent, marriage and feud. In M. Galaty, O. Lafe, W.E. Lee and Z. Tafilica (eds.), Light and Shadow: Isolation and Interaction in the Shala Valley of Northern Albania. Monumenta Archaeologica 28: 85-106. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.
Nagy, G.
1999 The Best of the Achaeans: Concepts of the Hero in Archaic Greek Poetry. Rev. edn. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Naiden, F.
2006 Ancient Supplication. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183412.001.0001
Nakassis, D.
2010 Reevaluating staple and wealth finance at Mycenaean Pylos. In D.J. Pullen (ed.), Political Economies of the Aegean Bronze Age, 127-48. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
2012 Prestige and interest: feasting and the king at Mycenaean Pylos. Hesperia 81: 1-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2972/hesperia.81.1.0001
2013 Individuals and Society in Mycenaean Pylos. Mnemosyne Supplements: History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity 358. Leiden: Brill. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004251465
Nakassis, D., M.L. Galaty and W.A. Parkinson
2010 State and society. In E.H. Cline (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean, 239-50. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nakassis, D., W.A. Parkinson and M.L. Galaty (eds.)
2011 Redistributive economies from a theoretical and cross-cultural perspective. American Journal of Archaeology 115: 177-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3764/aja.115.2.177
Nightingale, G.
2007 Lefkandi: an important node in the international exchange network of jewellery and personal adornment. In I. Galanaki, H. Tomas, Y. Galanakis and R. Laffineur (eds.), Between the Aegean and Baltic Seas: Prehistory across Borders. Aegaeum 27: 421-29. Liège, Belgium and Austin: Université de Liège and University of Texas at Austin.
Nordquist, G.
1999 Pairing of pots in the Middle Helladic period. In P.P. Betancourt, V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur and W.-D. Niemeier (eds.), MELETEMATA: Studies in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Malcolm H. Wiener as He Enters His 65th Year. Aegaeum 20: 569-73. Liège, Belgium and Austin: Université de Liège and University of Texas at Austin.
2002 Pots, prestige, and people: symbolic action in Middle Helladic burials. Opuscula Atheniensia 27:119-35.
Offer, A.
1997 Between the gift and the market: the economy of regard. Economic History Review 3: 450-76.
Olsen, B.
1998 Women, children and the family in the Late Aegean Bronze Age: differences in Minoan and Mycenaean constructions of gender? World Archaeology 29: 380-92.
2009 Was there unity in Mycenaean gender practices? The women of Pylos and Knossos in the Linear B tablets. In K. Kopaka (ed.), FYLO: Engendering Prehistoric ‘Stratigraphies’ in the Aegean and the Mediterranean. Aegaeum 30: 115-25. Liège, Belgium and Austin: Université de Liège and University of Texas at Austin.
2014 Women in Mycenaean Greece: The Linear B Tablets from Pylos and Knossos. London: Routledge.
2015 The worlds of Penelope: women in the Mycenaean and Homeric economies. Arethusa 48: 107-38.
O’Neill, J.
2008 Utility and metaphor: the design of the House of Tiles at Lerna. In L.A. Hitchcock, R. Laff